Bias in European journalism

From personal friends of President Nicolas Sarkozy owning French newspapers to Vatican City news outlets defending nearly every action of the pope, conflicts of interest abound in European journalism. Instead of the verification-based journalism the American press espouses, in Europe we more often encountered a journalism of assertion – the press served as a conduit for the ideas of public officials, sometimes allowing fairness and accuracy to fall by the wayside. In France and Italy, bias in journalism was not only present, but flagrant. By contrast, Czech journalists appeared to be making progress toward objectivity.

At Sciences Po in Paris, we learned from Vice Dean of Journalism Bernard Volker that most of the well-known French newspapers lean clearly to the left or to the right. Furthermore, both of the widely watched TV news stations we visited were owned by people with political agendas: TF1 is under the control of a construction billionaire who is a personal friend of Sarkozy, and France 24, started in 2006 by then President Jacques Chirac, is now publicly run by Sarkozy appointees.

In France, there is a long tradition of intermingling between journalists and politicians, Volker told us. Billionaire Serge Dassault, who is close to the president and his political party, owns one of the biggest daily newspapers in France, Le Figaro. As a result, the paper leans noticeably to the right and is known for never criticizing Sarkozy or his political allies. Le Monde, another widely read daily newspaper, is known for being on the left side of the political spectrum. Founded after World War II, Le Monde has distinguished itself by being a harsh critic of the government, particularly Charles de Gaulle, who was France’s president in the 1960s. In an effort to cut costs and re-organize, it recently sold to three leftist billionaires, two of whom have connections to France’s Socialist Party. According to Volker, Le Monde is as unlikely to praise the president as Le Figaro is to attack him. As a result, readers of two of the largest French daily newspapers are receiving a version of events colored by a political agenda. Both newspapers obstruct democracy by allowing politics to shape their news coverage, doing a disservice to the citizens of France.

Even newspapers without overt political bias have conflicts of interest related to their ownership. For example, we visited the business daily Les Echos, which is owned by Bernard Arnault, chief executive of LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton. The problem of business conglomerates owning news companies is certainly not unique to France; its ramifications (holding journalists accountable to an entity other than the truth, standing in the way of an informed public) deserve consideration because they are spreading in the United States as well.

The newsroom at Les Echos in Paris, France.

France 24, a multi-language TV station that began broadcasting in 2006, could be seen as a government mouthpiece because of its funding and leadership. However, the station differed from other outlets we visited in that journalists said they were constantly working toward impartiality. In the future, it is possible that more French news outlets will move closer to this model of objective journalism to more accurately inform their citizens.

Zach McGowan and Travis Zimpfer at France 24 in Paris.

The fusion of religion and journalism in Roman Catholic media makes their employees more papal public relations people than envoys of the truth. At the communications school at the pontifical university we visited, as well as at Vatican Radio, we were told that the pope is infallible on moral teachings. Thus, journalists at Roman Catholic news outlets work to defend his words rather than put them in a global context.

In November 2010, after the pope began to shift away from his controversial stance against condoms as a way to combat the spread of AIDS, Vatican Radio’s website published several “clarification[s]” of the pope’s comments, defending the comments he made on both sides of the issue and citing only one source each time: a Holy See spokesman. As public relations staff for the Pope, such coverage would be perfect. But to truly call themselves journalists, Vatican Radio should also explain why the pope’s original stance incited backlash worldwide and provide context about scientific knowledge about condom use and the spread of AIDS.

Outside Vatican Radio in Rome, Italy.

Also during our visit to Rome, a Catholic News Agency reporter told us his employer aims for evangelization, because it is the pope’s goal to re-evangelize former Catholic people and nations. Journalists who align themselves with the interests of authority at all times are no longer journalists; they are mouthpieces.

In the Czech Republic, journalism is still recovering from the Cold War. At Charles University in Prague, media studies professor Jan Jirák told us that before 1989, objectivity was seen as bourgeois: upholding the interests of capitalism, not communism. After the Velvet Revolution, news outlets started over, firing everyone on staff to remove those too deeply entrenched in Soviet policy. Today, that means many working journalists are young and inexperienced. Furthermore, Jirák told us, Czech Parliament determines the rate of funding for public broadcasting and sometimes tries to influence the public media’s message. However, Czech journalists are establishing professional standards and ethics that will lay the foundation for an objective method in the future.

For several decades, citizens had to sort fact from opinion for themselves when they read or listened to the news, Jirák told us. But today, Czech news outlets are very careful to avoid being captured by political interests and typically rank high on Reporters Sans Frontières’ annual Press Freedom Index, a 2007 report by the Association of European Journalists stated. The Czech Republic has also developed a Freedom of Information Act and several other laws promoting freedom of the press, pressing constantly toward independence of mind. In this, they have surpassed the other European nations we visited, none of which were ever behind the Iron Curtain.

In France and Italy, conflicts of interest in journalism are clearly recognizable. What is not so easy to pin down is whether the citizens and journalists of those countries will ever begin to push toward greater accountability, objectivity and independence of mind. Until they do, democracy cannot fully function.


-Celia Ampel

Diversity Behind the Scene Makes Great On Screen News

     A columnist from the Kansas City Star once told me that media and the press are the most powerful forces known to man. The statement seemed a bit extreme to me when I first heard it. However, seeing the affects writers, broadcasters, photographers, and advertisers have on the lives of people changed my entire perspective about what journalism actual does to a community, or an entire country.

After being selected as one of three freshmen students to participate on the Europe Media Tour, hosted by the Missouri School of Journalism, my knowledge, along with my eyelids at the sights of beautiful historic landmarks in countries such as Paris, has grown, which has enabled me to become culturally aware of the world around me. Furthermore, my voyage to Europe allowed me to return with a response to a question that had been pending since I arrived to Mizzou: What makes a good newsroom?

Could it be the warmth of 200 or more monitors firing up in a compact space? A newscaster with an unforgettable hairstyle and mustache combination, similar to Geraldo Rivera?

      OR

     As a student studying Convergence Media (with an emphasis in radio and television) I wanted to discover how the environment of the newsroom affected the way the news was told. I stumbled across my answer while in Paris: diversity.

France 24 studio

By “diversity,” I do not mean the variety of reporting techniques reporters have available, but how the newsroom encompasses and recognizes characteristics that make individuals unique. More importantly, the ability for these “diverse” characteristics to be exhibited in an atmosphere, which traditionally in American newsrooms involve celebrations of individual achievement. 

France 24 anchorwoman
performing the hourly broadcast

Probably the most noticeable feature of our visited cities were the melting pots of individuals with cultural and political differences. My first realization of the immense level of diversity was in Paris, France, where I was able to visit France 24 (an international news coverage channel). 

Established in 2006, this young television station is on its way to become “the CNN of France,” according to Heather Javault, a France 24 communications employee. New to French citizens, the news channel has established a unique system of broadcasting to the different cultures in France; English and Arabic are two additional languages new is presented.

      I found this extremely interesting simply because it exhibited the demand that the citizens living in France (native or not) have for news delivered in their mother tongue. Furthermore, I admired by France 24’s strategy to meet the demands of a very diverse population in France.

France 24 control room

      Bill Kovach and Tom Rosentiel, authors of The Elements of Journalism, highlight the fourth element of journalism (It practitioners must remain an independence from those they cover) in Chapter 5 titled “Independence from Faction.” 

Missouri School of Journalism
 students in France 24 live studio

Another example included a broadcast in French about the issues in the Middle East and the effects on oil prices in certain countries. The story featured a French economist, who had done work with France 24 previously, but the story was re-aired in both English and Arabic. Although the economists worked directly with France 24, there was no issue with the English and Arabic speaking audiences, because of the demand for content and the established structure of newsroom diversity.

Anchormen and anchorwomen at TF1 (one of France's
 most popular television channel) report daily news
 before entertainment shows air later in the day

I was truly astounded by the work ethic each newsroom staff member put into translating news stories and assuring that each sector of languages accurately and efficiently reported those stories. It was here where I realized how important the structure of the newsroom was; functionality was the key to providing France’s citizens with what they needed.

Professor Father John Wauck gave journalism
 students an excellent history lesson about the Vatican

My fascination continued to grow when we traveled to Rome, home of Pontificia University-School of Church Communications and the Vatican Radio. A city where the influence on the Catholic religion is emphasized in all form of media, my comfort zone was challenged. My mind could not fathom two questions: How was reporting on religion 24/7 considered journalism? and How could there be any room for the citizens to open a public forum for discussion, when the majority of the journalists were priests?

Students in the School of Church
Communications working on their assignemt

After an in-depth lecture and presentation by Professor Father John Wauck (Pontificia University) about the history of the Vatican and St. Peter’s Basilica and the immense importance the happenings of the Pope and his council, my viewpoint totally changed about the role of journalists who “report for the Lord.”

Professor Daniel Arasa (Pontificia University) talking to TV Azteca
reporter shortly after the announcement
of Pope John Paul II approaching beatification

The public forum was the discussion of God and His word to the followers. The journalists, not serving the typical watchdog role, were still able to create a marketplace of ideas, by using their expertise on the Catholic religion to enhance citizens ideas of how to get closer to God and obey His word. 

J-School student in Vatican Radio studio

The concept seemed completely different from anything journalism related I had ever heard, but I was able to make sense of the objective. Whereas religion is a private matter for media discussion in America, it is what the citizens of Rome trust the most and hold with deep regard. Upon Father Wauck’s tour of the university and the Vatican, I was able to tour Vatican Radio and meet Andrew Edwards, a correspondent for religious affairs for Rome Reports TV News Agency.

Vatican on Sunday morning. The Pope delivered
 his sermon from one of the window of the Vaitcan

     Vatican Radio, established by Guglielmo Marconi and inaugurated by Pius XI on February 12th 1931, is a station that reports on the inside of the Vatican and the tasks of the Pope. One of the highlights while I was in Rome was the announcement of the looming beatification of Pope John Paul II. 
     Having little knowledge about the Catholic religion, I quickly realized the gravity of the situation at hand. What was interesting to see was the vitality of journalists coverage of the Vatican and finding sources to confirm pieces of information about the unheard of phenomena.

Me and Celia Ampel standing on top
 of Pontificia University roof

Diversity within the newsroom is a critical element to how news coverage is displayed to the public; it is the basis of how European media is influential.

Zachary L. McGowan

Entrepreneurial Journalism 

Business Management (Minor)

University of Missouri

The Guardian of Democracy

Typical moules and frites.

       Brussels, Belgium may lack the allure that Prague, Paris, and Rome have, but it is certainly a city worth discussing because it is the home of the largest group of democratic countries in the world, the European Union. Belgium is known for their moules and frites, chocolate, waffles, and beer, but it is arguably most distinguished on the world stage for being the very heart of Europe. Here, members of the twenty-seven democratic countries that make up the Union gather in Parliament to make decisions regarding Europe. These members represent the interest of Europe through legislative activities; promote communication and diplomacy between countries, work together on the European economy, and push to promote issues such as human rights throughout the world.

       To understand the European Union, it is first necessary to understand what prompted its formation. According to Gareth Harding, the Mizzou Brussels Program Director, after World War II, Europe faced two issues: How to make peace permanent and how to reconstruct the devastated Europe.  In 1949, the Council of Europe began, but it held no legislative power. The EU, as we know it today, went through several treaties and transformations to finally end up as the official European Union, and went from six original member countries to end up with the present count of twenty-seven nations. These member states strive to allow free movement of people and goods across their borders. Fairly recently, most of the countries adopted the official EU currency, the euro, as their national currency to accommodate this.

Outside of the EU

      So what exactly is the European Union, and how does it work? This is a question that is somewhat complicated to answer, but necessary in order to comprehend what the EU is doing to promote its causes worldwide. It is the world’s biggest economic power with an annual budget of 130 billion Euros (about one third of the U.S. defense budget), and this is paid through dues that each member state must provide. In order to maintain a sense of “unified diversity” there are twenty-three official languages to keep somewhat nationalistic representation present. There is a set list of qualifications in order for a country to join. A prospective country must have a free market, govern through rule of law, have a democracy with no death penalty, full human rights, and be a European country. This last component has brought up a lot of debate recently regarding adding new countries like Turkey, who is only partly located in Europe.

The EU works through three main institutions. There is the European Commission, whose nominated members propose legislation, but do not vote on it. Then there is the Council of the European Union, which represents the interests of the individual member states. Finally, there is the European Parliament, who is the voice of the people with elections every five years. These members also decide on the budget. This is the institution that I will focus most on for the remainder of this essay.

One of the responsibilities of the EU is legislative activity regarding a multitude of things. One of those activities involves environmental policy regarding climate change and pollution. These policies help to unify Europe on environmental issues such as clean bathing water through passing legislation such as the EC Bathing Water Directive. This strives to ensure that the lakes and seas are cleaner than ever before in Europe. Members of Parliament are also making significant strides to try to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and industry plants. Their goal is to limit this by 20 percent and increase energy efficiency and renewable energy by 20 percent by 2020, according to the European Parliament Pamphlet. We attended a seminar regarding the European Union’s take on response to climate change versus that of the United States. The speakers expressed the EU’s concern that a newly elected Republican House would take backward steps with its efforts to increase climate health.

Climate Change Seminar

Another concern of the European Union is to protect democracy and human rights in both Europe and other regions of the world. It hopes to further a cooperative humanitarian aid effort as well. The Lisbon Treaty, which worked to establish some of the present day functions of the EU, says that it is founded on “respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality and respect for human rights.” This is seen in its cooperation with the war on terror, and through its position on replying to citizen petitions. The EU works to fight against poverty and provide disaster relief to non-EU countries in order to encourage human rights and democracy in those countries. According to the "A Day in Europe" video, it also wants to support “light being spread to darkness”, or in other words it strives to support journalists’ safety as they are reporting from dangerous situations in other countries.

European Parliament

While supporting rights outside the Union, EU member states are also working to produce legislation that increases trust and regulation aimed at protecting consumers. Members have passed legislation that prevents misleading advertisements from harming consumers and their choices. They also are working to make sure that all food labels are clear and consistent for children and other consumers’ health. Now parents can really know what is actually in that juice box their kids are drinking. Finally, with open borders between all the member countries they have worked to provide competition between markets, which allow for such things as airline companies to compete. They have passed legislation to protect consumers’ rights, so when visiting different countries travelers can trust the EU to “look after rights, while you take in the sights.” This includes the passage of the Compensation Regulation for Airplanes, which allows fair competition, but compensates consumers if their flight is canceled for some reason such as overbooking.

Finally, a major focus of the European Union, especially with the difficult economic situation that is now facing the world, is the EU budget. The European Parliament with agreement from members’ governments decided on an appropriate budget to fund things like road maintenance, environmental protection, and medical research to fight diseases like Alzheimer’s. The EU funds are funneled into different programs for sustainable economic development, conservation of natural resources, foreign policy, and promotion and protection of democracy. The countries have united to find cures for international killers like AIDS and to secure public health.

 The key to the EU single economy market is the currency, the euro. The euro has come under a lot of heat lately with economic crises in countries like Greece, but the European Union supports a single currency for several reasons. It helps prevent crimes, such as drug and human trafficking, because it allows for large quantities of cash to be more easily traced across borders. It also enhances cooperation between international banks and credit agencies, which makes it easier for consumers.

Although the European Union has had some controversial moments in its past, the overwhelming consensus is that it is making great strides to a more democratic world. It supports the journalistic presence of reporters in dangerous situations in order to shed light on human rights issues and the lack of democracy that goes against the EU’s values. It seeks to protect consumers’ rights and safety, while increasing competition in the marketplace. Finally, the values of democracy and liberty in the EU are very much in line with the values of the United States, and we should do what we can in order to maintain a healthy relationship with the EU.

If you are interested in watching some entertaining videos about the European Union visit the EU's youtube channel.

Katelyn Young

University of Missouri-Columbia

Strategic Communication and Political Science

Objectivity: Only in the US?

Introduction

Objectivity is one of the main focal points of the journalism curriculum at the Missouri School of Journalism.  Students are constantly reminded of how important it is to remain unbiased and impartial when practicing any form of journalism. The question of whether American journalists are actually objective is debatable, but in traveling through Europe, I found that journalism is much more subjective than it is in the United States. Two of the cities I visited – Prague and Rome – displayed a great amount of influence on journalism and the media. In Prague, there was a great amount of political influence, and in Rome, there was a definite amount of religious influence. Through this post, I will illustrate my findings.

PRAGUE, Czech Republic

 

Before 1989, much of Eastern Europe was under Communist rule. This includes what is now known as the Czech Republic. During this time, media outlets were used to communicate Communist ideals to the public, mainly through propaganda. Journalists were expected to be activists for communism, and objectivity was never a component of journalistic ideals. After the Czech Republic began operating under a democratic model, all the previous, pro-Communist journalists had to leave.

The Czech Republic has experienced a powerful shift in the voice of its media. Now, all of the journalists in the country are fairly new or from other countries due to the political change. Nonetheless, the country’s media still experiences political influences.

During our first visit in Prague, we spoke with media studies professor Jan Jirák about the current state of Czech media; he mentioned that media outlets are still having a hard time adjusting to an objective voice, and the media portrayed is still greatly affected my political forces. He spoke specifically on broadcast media. While much of the controlling mechanisms have been relaxed over the years, political forces are still placing supporters in key positions in various media outlets. Broadcasts are still being censored in accordance to the preferences of those with political power, but with much less control that there was in the Communist era. Jirák mentioned that he has seen progression over the years, but there is still much change that is needed if the Czech media is ever to be seen as objective. 

ROME, Italy

Before arriving in Rome, I did not fully anticipate the amount of Catholic presence in the life and culture of the city. Hundreds of basilicas can be seen across the city’s skyline, and Vatican City lies on Rome’s doorstep. As a student in the School of Journalism, I learned that when reporting, you should simply report the facts and you are not to allow any biases to ring through (such as political or religious views).  In Rome, it is a different story all together.

Throughout our time in Rome, we met with many reporters from various types of media outlets, including Vatican Radio and RomeReports TV News Agency. Both representatives mentioned that the Catholic Church was always present in the minds of their fellow reporters, and their responsibility and allegiance always resided with the Church. When asked on how they reported on negative stories regarding the Church or Catholicism itself, they would simply reply that their job was to uphold the people and ideals of the Church.

This idea of loyalty to the Church was a hard one for me to grasp. After being taught so vigorously on the importance of objectivity, it was hard to view these outlets as nothing more than public relations outlets for the Vatican and the Catholic Church. If these particular outlets portrayed themselves as advocates for the Church, it may make a little more sense, but that did not seem to be the case. While one could assume that people are smart enough to know that these media outlets have a strong connection to the Church, it still does not seem fair that these media outlets do not report on all sides of a story regarding the Church or the Vatican itself. 

Conclusion 

After taking this trip, I have realized how extremely lucky I am to live in the United States. I think it would be difficult to live in a country that didn’t provide a media with multiple views and voices that allow the viewer to develop their own opinion. American journalists serve as watchdogs, and provide the people with the most complete story possible. While complete objective journalism is impossible to achieve, I am proud that American journalists strive to be as objective and unbiased as possible.

Megan Higgins 
University of Missouri-Columbia

Le Fooding challenges the old guard of French cuisine

During my recent trip to Paris, I noticed that the cover of the Paris-based Le Fooding guide jumps out on a newsstand among all the other papers and magazines. Its bright colors and bold text stand out like a hip, spring break T-shirt. The restaurant guide was created as an alternative to the more than a century old and also French Michelin Guide that’s simple red cover looks more like spring break at the Great Smoky Mountains than the beach.

Le Fooding is a mixture of the words “food” and “feeling” that food writer Alexandre Cammas first coined a decade ago to rhyme with fueling in an article. Cammas and food writer Emmanuel Rubin hosted a small food centered get together, which soon grew and led to large outdoor festivals with chefs interacting directly with diners. The publication began as an occasional newspaper insert and now has consulting and public relations agency spinoffs. The Le Fooding guide often lifts casual and fusion eateries for praise while ignoring the more grand restaurants of Paris.

In an interview with The New Yorker, Cammas clarified that the term meant: “to eat and drink with feeling — to recognize that one eats with the nose, the eyes, and the mouth, with everything that makes us human.”  

The article explained that Le Fooding is the opposite of the slow food trend that’s currently in vogue in America. Le Fooding is moving forward away from the tradition of our grandfathers that we as Americans are trying to return toward. French chef Yves Camdeborde further clarified that the slow food movement works on the producer side to defend historic methods, while Le Fooding is about the consumer progressing. In the article, Cammas said, “Our role is to work against that tradition: to open minds, to reveal history, to change views. It should be a movement of the young.”  

Cammas separates his movement from the nouvelle cuisine of Paul Bocuse and other French chefs in the mid 20th century when food trends shifted to lighter, more naturally prepared foods by saying that the nouvelle cuisine was about replacing old rules with new ones while Le Fooding departs from the rules.  

"We wanted cooks who cooked with the whole of their selves and souls, not technicians of the table. French cuisine was caught in a museum culture: the dictatorship of a fossilized idea of gastronomy,” Cammas said.  

Coq au vin embodies the traditional in French cuisine.

In my few days in France, I mostly found the perfectly preserved French culinary culture that I expected. I didn’t find the departure from classics like coq au vin and boeuf bourguignon. Everywhere I visited was traditional, maybe passé but more than passable for my short visit. The restaurants were places where people lingered. Checks were only brought after being requested. Wait staff didn’t seem to care how quickly a table turns.  

These foods that Cammas may find Jurassic just seemed right to me. And in most every brasserie I visited, it seemed to resonate with the French diners as well.  

Cammas faults me partly for France’s culinary stalling. He blames tourists for allowing French food to stand still. He said in The New Yorker, “this dictatorship has been enforced by tourism: you have tourists packing in to experience gastronomy in a kind of perpetual museum of edification.” He said Le Fooding wanted to escape the expected.  

If the French want to move beyond good bread lathered with foie gras, I have to believe that they are moving in the wrong direction.

Emmanuel Rubin who co-founded Le Fooding with Cammas sold his share to Cammas in 2008. Rubin said in the New York Times that he became disinterested as Le Fooding became too affected by money and events and said that, “it’s become a caricature of itself.” Cammas countered that “Rubin wanted Le Fooding to end, to die a romantic death.”  

This is a good metaphor for the general French persona. They would rather fail in a dramatic and literary fashion than be uneventfully successful. Most Parisans seem to be passionately disaffected. Almost every restaurant had a covered patio where, in the cold of January, Parisans would smoke and argue and debate and seemed to never reach a conclusion or an agreement. It seemed like an accord was not the goal but rather they were arguing to have something to do with their mouths between draws of their cigarette.  

If my French and math are right, neither of which are strong suits, I dined at exactly one restaurant listed in the Le Fooding guide.  

A man slices sausage on a hand-powered meat slicer.

Le Garde- Robe, a wine bar in Paris’ 1st arrondissement, seemed to be a typical wine bar. Cheese and charcuterie were served on a rustic wooden plank with an equally provincial knife serving as the utensil.  

Sausages hung above the bar and a plastic wrapped hoof of some sort sat behind our table. Le Fooding, which shows a picture on its website of the receipt as proof that its writer paid for his own meal, said in it’s quick English blurb below the French review that, “Not too long ago, this cave-à-manger was a bit of a mess, but now things are back on track with a renewed deco and menu, and mostly natural vino.”  

Cured sausages hang ready to be paired with wine.

I was completely unaware it was on Le Fooding guide as I ate there. Although it had a younger and more hip clientele than most places it didn’t strike me as being a huge departure from what I would expect in a Parisian wine bar.  

The meat and cheese plate seemed to be in the same style that was served at more traditional French bistros.

Maybe the idea of a wine bar away from the brasserie should have been enough to excite me and evoke feeling but it wasn’t a meal I hadn’t had at most corner bistros. Of course the cheese and charcuterie were better but they weren’t facially different. I don’t feel like any rules were broken or ignored. It was accessible though. The staff was friendly and knowledgeable and assumed that we as Americans knew nothing about preserved meats, cheeses and wines, which maybe could be a fair assumption. Maybe the hipness comes from the natural wines that were poured that lack any legal and absolute difference from any other wines, but maybe just come with a little more attitude and a mindset toward not messing with the wine using chemicals or winery tricks.  

My perceptions could be invalid though. Who should a culture’s cuisine exist for? Should French chefs and cooks work for their countrymen or the occasional visitor who wants to experience something immortalized in movies for centuries? I think the French chefs should cook exciting food for their neighbors but that doesn’t mean disregarding tradition completely for visitors the more habitual French eaters.  

In a country where people’s political views are as apparent as the newspaper under their arm on the Metro, the French’s view toward food seems to be the most complicated political view of them all. Although Le Fooding may indeed be the new guard in French dining, the old guard is still around. Their American counterparts go on vacation at the Great Smokey Mountains and they’d like a confit de canard with foie gras, s'il vous plait.
-Nicholas Jain